C Function Parameters
Parameters and Arguments
Information can be passed to functions as a parameter. Parameters act as variables inside the function.
Parameters are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many parameters as you want, just separate them with a comma:
Syntax
returnType functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
// code to be executed
}
In the example below, the function takes a string of characters with name as parameter. When the function is called, we pass along a name, which is used inside the function to print "Hello" and the name of each person:
Example
void myFunction(char name[]) {
printf("Hello %s\n", name);
}
int main() {
myFunction("Liam");
myFunction("Jenny");
myFunction("Anja");
return 0;
}
// Hello Liam
// Hello Jenny
// Hello Anja
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When a parameter is passed to the function, it is called an argument. So, from the example above:
name is a parameter, while Liam, Jenny and Anja are arguments.
Multiple Parameters
Inside the function, you can add as many parameters as you want:
Example
void myFunction(char name[], int age) {
printf("Hello %s.
You are %d years old.\n", name, age);
}
int main() {
myFunction("Liam", 3);
myFunction("Jenny", 14);
myFunction("Anja", 30);
return 0;
}
// Hello Liam.
You are 3 years old.
//
Hello Jenny. You are 14 years old.
// Hello Anja. You are 30 years old.
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If we consider the "Calculate the Sum of Numbers" example from the previous page, we can make a more sustainable program by using function parameters:
Example
void calculateSum(int x, int y) {
int sum = x + y;
printf("The sum of %d + %d is: %d\n", x, y, sum);
}
int main() {
calculateSum(5, 3);
calculateSum(8, 2);
calculateSum(15,
15);
return 0;
}
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Notes on Parameters
Note that when you are working with multiple parameters, the function call must have the same number of arguments as there are parameters, and the arguments must be passed in the same order.
Pass Arrays as Function Parameters
You can also pass arrays to a function:
Example
void myFunction(int myNumbers[5]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", myNumbers[i]);
}
}
int main() {
int
myNumbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
myFunction(myNumbers);
return 0;
}
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Example Explained
The function (myFunction) takes an array as its parameter (int myNumbers[5]), and loops through the array elements with the for loop.
When the function is called inside main(), we pass along the myNumbers
array, which outputs the array elements.
Note that when you call the function, you only need to use the name of the array when passing it as an argument myFunction(myNumbers). However, the full declaration of the array is needed in the function parameter (int myNumbers[5]).
Return Values
The void keyword, used in the previous examples, indicates that the
function should not return a value. If you
want the function to return a value, you can use a data type (such as int
or
float, etc.) instead of void, and use the return
keyword inside the function:
Example
int myFunction(int x) {
return 5 + x;
}
int main() {
printf("Result is: %d", myFunction(3));
return 0;
}
// Outputs
8 (5 + 3)
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This example returns the sum of a function with two parameters:
Example
int myFunction(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
int main()
{
printf("Result is: %d", myFunction(5, 3));
return 0;
}
// Outputs 8 (5 + 3)
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You can also store the result in a variable:
Example
int myFunction(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
int main()
{
int result = myFunction(5, 3);
printf("Result is =
%d", result);
return 0;
}
// Outputs 8 (5 + 3)
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If we consider the "Calculate the Sum of Numbers" example one more time, we can use return
instead and store the results in different variables. This will make the program
even more flexible and easier to control:
Example
int calculateSum(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
int main() {
int result1 = calculateSum(5, 3);
int result2 = calculateSum(8, 2);
int result3 = calculateSum(15, 15);
printf("Result1 is:
%d\n", result1);
printf("Result2 is: %d\n", result2);
printf("Result3 is: %d\n", result3);
return 0;
}
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Tip: If you have many "result variables", it is better to store the results in an array:
Example
int calculateSum(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
int main() {
// Create an array
int resultArr[6];
//
Call the function with different arguments and store the results in
the array
resultArr[0] = calculateSum(5, 3);
resultArr[1]
= calculateSum(8, 2);
resultArr[2] = calculateSum(15, 15);
resultArr[3] = calculateSum(9, 1);
resultArr[4] = calculateSum(7,
7);
resultArr[5] = calculateSum(1, 1);
for (int i = 0;
i < 6; i++) {
printf("Result%d is = %d\n", i + 1,
resultArr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
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Real-Life Example
To demonstrate a practical example of using functions, let's create a program that converts a value from fahrenheit to celsius:
Example
// Function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
float toCelsius(float
fahrenheit) {
return (5.0 / 9.0) * (fahrenheit - 32.0);
}
int main() {
// Set a fahrenheit value
float f_value =
98.8;
// Call the function with the fahrenheit value
float result = toCelsius(f_value);
// Print the fahrenheit value
printf("Fahrenheit: %.2f\n", f_value);
// Print the result
printf("Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: %.2f\n", result);
return
0;
}
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